# PT-141 References: The Cited Bremelanotide Literature

> Full reference list for the PT-141 (bremelanotide) appraisal: PubMed-indexed trials, mechanistic studies, the FDA label, reviews, and the placebo meta-analysis, with DOIs.

Every figure on this site maps to one of these sources. Primary trials, mechanistic studies, the prescribing information, and the critical re-analyses.

## How to read this list

These are the sources behind every quantitative claim on this site, numbered to match the inline citations. The strongest evidence — the two pivotal RCTs, the long-term extension, and the prescribing information — sits alongside mechanistic, preclinical, and review work and the critical re-analyses that complicate the headline. Brand names that appear in a citation title are reproduced verbatim as published; everywhere else this site uses the generic name bremelanotide. Where a source is a review or the regulatory label rather than a primary trial, the appraisal weights it accordingly.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[8] Dooley AB, Houssaini AS, Tsai T, Ramasamy R. Use of Telemedicine for Sexual Medicine Patients. Sex Med Rev. 2020;8(4):507-517. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32739238/
[9] Weinberger JM, Houman J, Caron AT, Patel DN, Baskin AS, Ackerman AL. Female Sexual Dysfunction and the Placebo Effect: A Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002733
[10] Sauter M, Uhl P, Burhenne J, Haefeli WE. Ultra-sensitive quantification of the therapeutic cyclic peptide bremelanotide utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS for evaluation of its oral plasma pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113276
[11] Nappi RE, Tiranini L, Cucinella L, Martini E, Bosoni D, Righi A. Pharmacotherapy for female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs): what is on the market and where is this field heading? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2022.2066997
[12] Croft HA. Understanding the Role of Serotonin in Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Treatment Options. J Sex Med. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.10.068
[13] Aughton KL, Hamilton-Smith K, Gupta J, Morton JS, Wayman CP, Jackson VM. Pharmacological profiling of neuropeptides on rabbit vaginal wall and vaginal artery smooth muscle in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjp.2008.253
[14] Tan R, et al. Telemedicine Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic in 8 Countries From the International Society for Sexual Medicine. J Med Internet Res. 2025. https://doi.org/10.2196/60369

---

A garnet-ruled critical appraisal of the PT-141 (bremelanotide) record — each finding set beside its caveat, the lone approved use (premenopausal HSDD) held apart from the off-label edges and the no-oversight research-chemical form, and every figure weighed rather than quoted; an evidence-reading desk, not a clinic, and nothing here dosed, sourced, or sold.